Sunan Abu Dawud — Tribute, Spoils, and Rulership

A man reported from Bakr bin Wa’il on the authority of his maternal uncle as saying, I said “Apostle of Allaah(ﷺ) may I levy tithe on my people.?” He replied “Tithes are to be levied on Jews and Christians.”

حدثنا محمد بن بشار، حدثنا عبد الرحمن، حدثنا سفيان، عن عطاء، عن رجل، من بكر بن وايل عن خاله، قال قلت يا رسول الله اعشر قومي قال " انما العشور على اليهود والنصارى

Narrated A man of Banu Taghlib: Harb ibn Ubaydullah ibn Umayr ath-Thaqafi told on the authority of his grandfather, a man of Banu Taghlib: I came to the Prophet (ﷺ), embraced Islam, and he taught me Islam. He also taught me how I should take sadaqah from my people who had become Muslim. I then returned to him and said: Messenger of Allah, I remembered whatever you taught me except the sadaqah. Should I levy tithe on them? He replied: No, tithes are to be levied on Christians and Jews

حدثنا محمد بن ابراهيم البزاز، حدثنا ابو نعيم، حدثنا عبد السلام، عن عطاء بن السايب، عن حرب بن عبيد الله بن عمير الثقفي، عن جده، - رجل من بني تغلب - قال اتيت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فاسلمت وعلمني الاسلام وعلمني كيف اخذ الصدقة من قومي ممن اسلم ثم رجعت اليه فقلت يا رسول الله كل ما علمتني قد حفظته الا الصدقة افاعشرهم قال " لا انما العشور على النصارى واليهود

Narrated Al-Irbad ibn Sariyah as-Sulami: We alighted with the Prophet (ﷺ) at Khaybar, and he had his companions with him. The chief of Khaybar was a defiant and abominable man. He came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: Is it proper for you, Muhammad, that you slaughter our donkeys, eat our fruit, and beat our women? The Prophet (ﷺ) became angry and said: Ibn Awf, ride your horse, and call loudly: Beware, Paradise is lawful only for a believer, and that they (the people) should gather for prayer. They gathered and the Prophet (ﷺ) led them in prayer, stood up and said: Does any of you, while reclining on his couch, imagine that Allah has prohibited only that which is to be found in this Qur'an? By Allah, I have preached, commanded and prohibited various matters as numerous as that which is found in the Qur'an, or more numerous. Allah has not permitted you to enter the houses of the people of the Book without permission, or beat their women, or eat their fruits when they give you that which is imposed on them

حدثنا محمد بن عيسى، حدثنا اشعث بن شعبة، حدثنا ارطاة بن المنذر، قال سمعت حكيم بن عمير ابا الاحوص، يحدث عن العرباض بن سارية السلمي، قال نزلنا مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم خيبر ومعه من معه من اصحابه وكان صاحب خيبر رجلا ماردا منكرا فاقبل الى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال يا محمد الكم ان تذبحوا حمرنا وتاكلوا ثمرنا وتضربوا نساءنا فغضب يعني النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وقال " يا ابن عوف اركب فرسك ثم ناد الا ان الجنة لا تحل الا لمومن وان اجتمعوا للصلاة " . قال فاجتمعوا ثم صلى بهم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم قام فقال " ايحسب احدكم متكيا على اريكته قد يظن ان الله لم يحرم شييا الا ما في هذا القران الا واني والله قد وعظت وامرت ونهيت عن اشياء انها لمثل القران او اكثر وان الله عز وجل لم يحل لكم ان تدخلوا بيوت اهل الكتاب الا باذن ولا ضرب نسايهم ولا اكل ثمارهم اذا اعطوكم الذي عليهم

Narrated A man of Juhaynah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Probably you will fight with a people, you will dominate them, and they will save themselves and their children by their property. The version of Sa'id has You will then conclude peace with them. The agreed version goes: Then do no take anything from them more than that, for it is not proper for you

حدثنا مسدد، وسعيد بن منصور، قالا حدثنا ابو عوانة، عن منصور، عن هلال، عن رجل، من ثقيف عن رجل، من جهينة قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم " لعلكم تقاتلون قوما فتظهرون عليهم فيتقونكم باموالهم دون انفسهم وابنايهم " . قال سعيد في حديثه " فيصالحونكم على صلح " . ثم اتفقا " فلا تصيبوا منهم شييا فوق ذلك فانه لا يصلح لكم

Narrated A number of Companions of the Prophet: Safwan reported from a number of Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) on the authority of their fathers who were relatives of each other. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Beware, if anyone wrongs a contracting man, or diminishes his right, or forces him to work beyond his capacity, or takes from him anything without his consent, I shall plead for him on the Day of Judgment

حدثنا سليمان بن داود المهري، اخبرنا ابن وهب، حدثني ابو صخر المديني، ان صفوان بن سليم، اخبره عن عدة، من ابناء اصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن ابايهم دنية عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال " الا من ظلم معاهدا او انتقصه او كلفه فوق طاقته او اخذ منه شييا بغير طيب نفس فانا حجيجه يوم القيامة

Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Jizyah is not to be levied on a Muslim

حدثنا عبد الله بن الجراح، عن جرير، عن قابوس، عن ابيه، عن ابن عباس، قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم " ليس على المسلم جزية

Muhammad bin Kathir said “Sufyan was asked to explain the tradition mentioned above.” He said “When he embraces Islam, no jizyah will be levied on him.”

حدثنا محمد بن كثير، قال سيل سفيان عن تفسير، هذا فقال اذا اسلم فلا جزية عليه

Narrated Abdullah al-Hawzani: I met Bilal, the Mu'adhdhin of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) at Aleppo, and said: Bilal, tell me, what was the financial position of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)? He said: He had nothing. It was I who managed it on his behalf since the day Allah made him Prophet of Allah (ﷺ) until he died. When a Muslim man came to him and he found him naked, he ordered me (to clothe him). I would go, borrow (some money), and purchase a cloak for him. I would then clothe him and feed him. A man from the polytheists met me and said: I am well off, Bilal. Do not borrow money from anyone except me. So I did accordingly. One day when I performed ablution and stood up to make call to prayer, the same polytheist came along with a body of merchants. When he saw me, he said: O Abyssinian. I said: I am at your service. He met me with unpleasant looks and said harsh words to me. He asked me: Do you know how many days remain in the completion of this month? I replied: The time is near. He said: Only four days remain in the completion of this month. I shall then take that which is due from you (i.e. loan), and then shall return you to tend the sheep as you did before. I began to think in my mind what people think in their minds (on such occasions). When I offered the night prayer, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) returned to his family. I sought permission from him and he gave me permission. I said: Messenger of Allah, may my parents be sacrificed for you, the polytheist from whom I used to borrow money said to me such-and-such. Neither you nor I have anything to pay him for me, and he will disgrace me. So give me permission to run away to some of those tribes who have recently embraced Islam until Allah gives His Apostle (ﷺ) something with which he can pay (the debt) for me. So I came out and reached my house. I placed my sword, waterskin (or sheath), shoes and shield near my head. When dawn broke, I intended to be on my way. All of a sudden I saw a man running towards me and calling: Bilal, return to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). So I went till I reached him. I found four mounts kneeling on the ground with loads on them. I sought permission. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: Be glad, Allah has made arrangements for the payment (of your debt). He then asked: Have you not seen the four mounts kneeling on the ground? I replied: Yes. He said: You may have these mounts and what they have on them. There are clothes and food on them, presented to me by the ruler of Fadak. Take them away and pay off your debt. I did so. He then mentioned the rest of the tradition. I then went to the mosque and found that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sitting there. I greeted him. He asked: What benefit did you have from your property? I replied: Allah Most High paid everything which was due from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). Nothing remains now. He asked: Did anything remain (from that property)? I said: Yes. He said: Look, if you can give me some comfort from it, for I shall not visit any member of my family until you give me some comfort from it. When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) offered the night prayer, he called me and said: What is the position of that which you had with you (i.e. property)? I said: I still have it, no one came to me. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) passed the night in the mosque. He then narrated the rest of the tradition. Next day when he offered the night prayer, he called me and asked: What is the position of that which you had (i.e. the rest of the property)? I replied: Allah has given you comfort from it, Messenger of Allah. He said: Allah is Most Great, and praised Allah, fearing lest he should die while it was with him. I then followed him until he came to his wives and greeted each one of them and finally he came to his place where he had to pass the night. This is all for which you asked me

The tradition mentioned above has also been transmitted by Mu’awiyah through a different chain of narrators to the same effect as narrated by Abu Taubah. This version has “I have nothing to pay from me. The Apostle of Allaah(ﷺ) thereupon kept silence and this displeased me.”

حدثنا محمود بن خالد، حدثنا مروان بن محمد، حدثنا معاوية، بمعنى اسناد ابي توبة وحديثه قال عند قوله " ما يقضي عني " . فسكت عني رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فاغتمزتها

Narrated Iyad ibn Himar: I presented a she-camel to the Prophet (ﷺ). He asked: Have you embraced Islam? I replied: No. The Prophet (ﷺ) said: I have been prohibited to accept the present of polytheists

حدثنا هارون بن عبد الله، حدثنا ابو داود، حدثنا عمران، عن قتادة، عن يزيد بن عبد الله بن الشخير، عن عياض بن حمار، قال اهديت للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ناقة فقال " اسلمت " . فقلت لا . فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم " اني نهيت عن زبد المشركين

Narrated Alqamah ibn Wa'il: The Prophet (ﷺ) bestowed land in Hadramawt as fief

حدثنا عمرو بن مرزوق، اخبرنا شعبة، عن سماك، عن علقمة بن وايل، عن ابيه، ان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم اقطعه ارضا بحضرموت

The tradition mentioned above has also been transmitted by ‘Alqamah bin Wa’il through a different chain of narrators.”

حدثنا حفص بن عمر، حدثنا جامع بن مطر، عن علقمة بن وايل، باسناده مثله

Narrated Amr ibn Hurayth: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) demarcated a house with a bow at Medina for me. He said: I shall give you more. I shall give you more

حدثنا مسدد، حدثنا عبد الله بن داود، عن فطر، حدثني ابي، عن عمرو بن حريث، قال خط لي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم دارا بالمدينة بقوس وقال " ازيدك ازيدك

Narrated Rabi'ah ibn AbuAbdurRahman: Rabi'ah reported on the authority of more than one person saying: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) assigned as a fief to Bilal ibn al-Harith al-Muzani the mines of al-Qabaliyyah which is in the neighbourhood of al-Fur', and only zakat is levied on those mines up to the present day

حدثنا عبد الله بن مسلمة، عن مالك، عن ربيعة بن ابي عبد الرحمن، عن غير، واحد، ان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم اقطع بلال بن الحارث المزني معادن القبلية وهي من ناحية الفرع فتلك المعادن لا يوخذ منها الا الزكاة الى اليوم

Narrated Amr ibn Awf al-Muzani: The Prophet (ﷺ) assigned as a fief to Bilal ibn al-Muzani the mines of al-Qabaliyyah both which lay on the upper side and which lay on the lower side, and (the land) which was suitable for cultivation at Quds. He did not give him (the land which involved) the right of a Muslim. The Prophet (ﷺ) wrote a document for him. It goes: "In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. This is what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) assigned to Bilal ibn Harith al-Muzani. He gave him the mines of al-Qabaliyyah, both which lay on the upper side and which lay on the lower side, and (the land) which is suitable for cultivation at Quds. He did not give him the right of any Muslim." Abu Uwais said: A similar tradition has been narrated to me by Thawr b. Zaid, client of Banu al-Dail b. Bakr b. Kinahah from 'Ikrimah on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas

حدثنا العباس بن محمد بن حاتم، وغيره، قال العباس حدثنا الحسين بن محمد، اخبرنا ابو اويس، حدثنا كثير بن عبد الله بن عمرو بن عوف المزني، عن ابيه، عن جده، ان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم اقطع بلال بن الحارث المزني معادن القبلية جلسيها وغوريها - وقال غير العباس جلسها وغورها - وحيث يصلح الزرع من قدس ولم يعطه حق مسلم وكتب له النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم " بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم هذا ما اعطى محمد رسول الله بلال بن الحارث المزني اعطاه معادن القبلية جلسيها وغوريها " . وقال غير العباس " جلسها وغورها " . " وحيث يصلح الزرع من قدس ولم يعطه حق مسلم " . قال ابو اويس وحدثني ثور بن زيد مولى بني الديل بن بكر بن كنانة عن عكرمة عن ابن عباس مثله

Narrated Amr ibn Awf al-Muzani: The Prophet (ﷺ) assigned as a fief to Bilal ibn Harith al-Muzani the mines of al-Qabaliyyah, both those which lay on the upper side those and which lay on the lower side. The narrator, Ibn an-Nadr, added: "also Jars and Dhat an-Nusub." The agreed version reads: "and (the land) which is suitable for cultivation at Quds". He did not assign to Bilal ibn al-Harith the right of any Muslim. The Prophet (ﷺ) wrote a document to him: "This is what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) assigned to Bilal ibn al-Harith al-Muzani. He gave him the mines of al-Qabaliyyah both those which lay on the upper and lower side, and that which is fit for cultivation at Quds. He did not give him the right of any Muslim." The narrator AbuUways said: A similar tradition has been transmitted to me by Thawr ibn Zayd from Ikrimah on the authority of Ibn Abbas from the Prophet (ﷺ). Ibn an-Nadr added: Ubayy ibn Ka'b wrote it

حدثنا محمد بن النضر، قال سمعت الحنيني، قال قراته غير مرة يعني كتاب قطيعة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم . قال ابو داود وحدثنا غير واحد عن حسين بن محمد اخبرنا ابو اويس حدثني كثير بن عبد الله عن ابيه عن جده ان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم اقطع بلال بن الحارث المزني معادن القبلية جلسيها وغوريها - قال ابن النضر وجرسها وذات النصب ثم اتفقا - وحيث يصلح الزرع من قدس . ولم يعط بلال بن الحارث حق مسلم وكتب له النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم " هذا ما اعطى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بلال بن الحارث المزني اعطاه معادن القبلية جلسها وغورها وحيث يصلح الزرع من قدس ولم يعطه حق مسلم " . قال ابو اويس حدثني ثور بن زيد عن عكرمة عن ابن عباس عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم مثله زاد ابن النضر وكتب ابى بن كعب

Narrated Abyad ibn Hammal: Abyad went to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and asked him for assigning him (the mines of) salt as fief. (The narrator Ibn al-Mutawakkil said: which was in Ma'arib.) So he assigned it to him as a fief. When he returned, a man in the meeting asked: Do you know what you have assigned him as a fief? You have assigned him the perennial spring water. So he took it back from him. He asked him about protecting land which had arak trees growing in it. He replied: He could have such as was beyond the region where the hoofs (of camels) went. The narrator Ibn al-Mutwakkil said: "that is the camel hoofs

حدثنا قتيبة بن سعيد الثقفي، ومحمد بن المتوكل العسقلاني، - المعنى واحد - ان محمد بن يحيى بن قيس الماربي، حدثهم اخبرني ابي، عن ثمامة بن شراحيل، عن سمى بن قيس، عن شمير، - قال ابن المتوكل ابن عبد المدان - عن ابيض بن حمال، انه وفد الى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فاستقطعه الملح - قال ابن المتوكل الذي بمارب - فقطعه له فلما ان ولى قال رجل من المجلس اتدري ما قطعت له انما قطعت له الماء العد . قال فانتزع منه قال وساله عما يحمى من الاراك قال " ما لم تنله خفاف " . وقال ابن المتوكل " اخفاف الابل

Muhammad bin Al hasan Al Mukhzumi said “The sentence “that which is not reached by the Camel hoofs” means that the Camels eat (the arak trees) within the reach of their heads. So the land (where the arak trees are growing) may be protected beyond such a region

حدثنا هارون بن عبد الله، قال قال محمد بن الحسن المخزومي " ما لم تنله اخفاف الابل " يعني ان الابل تاكل منتهى رءوسها ويحمى ما فوقه

Narrated Abyad ibn Hammal: He asked the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) for giving him some land which had arak trees growing in it. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: There is no (permission for) protecting a land which has arak trees growing in it. He said: These arak trees are within the boundaries of my field. The Prophet (ﷺ) said: There is no (permission for) protecting a land which has arak trees growing in it. The narrator Faraj said: By the phrase 'within the boundaries of my field' he meant the land which had crop growing in it and was surrounded on four sides

حدثنا محمد بن احمد القرشي، حدثنا عبد الله بن الزبير، حدثنا فرج بن سعيد، حدثني عمي، ثابت بن سعيد عن ابيه، عن جده، ابيض بن حمال انه سال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن حمى الاراك فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم " لا حمى في الاراك " . فقال اراكة في حظاري . فقال النبي عليه السلام " لا حمى في الاراك " . قال فرج يعني بحظاري الارض التي فيها الزرع المحاط عليها

Narrated Sakhr ibn al-Ayla al-Ahmasi: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) raided Thaqif. When Sakhr heard this, he proceeded on his horse along with some horsemen to support the Prophet (ﷺ). He found the Prophet of Allah (ﷺ) had returned and he did not conquer (Ta'if). On that day Sakhr made a covenant with Allah and had His protection that he would not depart from that fortress until they (the inhabitants) surrendered to the command of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). He did not leave them until they had surrendered to the command of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). Sakhr then wrote to him: To proceed: Thaqif have surrendered to your command, Messenger of Allah, and I am on my way to them. They have horses with them. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) then ordered prayers to be offered in congregation. He then prayed for Ahmas ten times: O Allah, send blessings the horses and the men of Ahmas. The people came and Mughirah ibn Shu'bah said to him: Prophet of Allah, Sakhr took my paternal aunt while she embraced Islam like other Muslims. He called him and said: Sakhr, when people embrace Islam, they have security of their blood and property. Give back to Mughirah his paternal aunt. So he returned his aunt to him and asked the Prophet of Allah (ﷺ): What about Banu Sulaym who have run away for (fear of) Islam and left that water? He said: Prophet of Allah, allow me and my people to settle there. He said: Yes. So he allowed him to settle there. Banu Sulaym then embraced Islam, and they came to Sakhr. They asked him to return their water to them. But he refused. So they came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said: Prophet of Allah, we embraced Islam and came to Sakhr so that he might return our water to us. But he has refused. He (the Prophet) then came to him and said: When people embrace Islam, they secure their properties and blood. Return to the people their water. He said: Yes, Prophet of Allah. I saw that the face of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was reddening at that moment, being ashamed of taking back from him the slave-girl and the water

حدثنا عمر بن الخطاب ابو حفص، حدثنا الفريابي، حدثنا ابان، قال عمر - وهو ابن عبد الله بن ابي حازم - قال حدثني عثمان بن ابي حازم، عن ابيه، عن جده، صخر ان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم غزا ثقيفا فلما ان سمع ذلك صخر ركب في خيل يمد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فوجد نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قد انصرف ولم يفتح فجعل صخر يوميذ عهد الله وذمته ان لا يفارق هذا القصر حتى ينزلوا على حكم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فلم يفارقهم حتى نزلوا على حكم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فكتب اليه صخر اما بعد فان ثقيفا قد نزلت على حكمك يا رسول الله وانا مقبل اليهم وهم في خيل . فامر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بالصلاة جامعة فدعا لاحمس عشر دعوات " اللهم بارك لاحمس في خيلها ورجالها " . واتاه القوم فتكلم المغيرة بن شعبة فقال يا نبي الله ان صخرا اخذ عمتي ودخلت فيما دخل فيه المسلمون . فدعاه فقال " يا صخر ان القوم اذا اسلموا احرزوا دماءهم واموالهم فادفع الى المغيرة عمته " . فدفعها اليه وسال نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ماء لبني سليم قد هربوا عن الاسلام وتركوا ذلك الماء . فقال يا نبي الله انزلنيه انا وقومي . قال " نعم " . فانزله واسلم - يعني السلميين - فاتوا صخرا فسالوه ان يدفع اليهم الماء فابى فاتوا النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقالوا يا نبي الله اسلمنا واتينا صخرا ليدفع الينا ماءنا فابى علينا . فاتاه فقال " يا صخر ان القوم اذا اسلموا احرزوا اموالهم ودماءهم فادفع الى القوم ماءهم " . قال نعم يا نبي الله . فرايت وجه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يتغير عند ذلك حمرة حياء من اخذه الجارية واخذه الماء